Film Development Procedure

The first step is to get the film into the development tank in complete darkness. Either in a dedicated darkroom or by using a film changing bag. I use a changing bag myself.

There are two types of development tanks. Plastic and stainless steel.

Plastic is probably most commonly used nowadays but comes with some disadvantages. The film is pushed onto the reel using a feeding mechanism and the film can get stuck unless it's absolutely dry. Slight perspiration in a changing bag is enough to make this happen. It can also be difficult to clean plastic reels thoroughly, they may become gummy over time.

Stainless steel reels are loaded by attaching the film onto prongs and winding the film from the center, They may be more difficult to load in the beginning but with practice I would argue it's a more reliable method. This type of reel and tank also come with some disadvantages. The sides of the reels must be parallel or it's easy to cross or double thread film. This means taking care of the reels, dropping them may ruin them. Stainless steel tank lids also commonly leak during development but this is only a slight nuisance.

I recommend a stainless steel development tank with good reels. Hewes are considered by many to make the best stainless steel reels.

All chemicals need to be brought to the same temperature before development starts. This is accomplished with a water bath, for example in the kitchen sink. Development can take place at different temperatures, commonly at 20 or 24 °C. I recommenced to standardize on one temperature unless there's a good reason to deviate.

1-liter wide-mouth bottles are needed to hold working solutions of developer, stop bath, fixer and post wash. The post wash is optional. As described in chapter Developing the Film, it may be needed depending on the local water quality.

A big 4-liter bottle or container to hold the water for washing the film after development.

Fill all bottles and put them in the water bath. Development can commence when all solutions has reached the same temperature. Preferably a temperature standardized by your development procedure.

Also put the development tank in the water bath to bring its temperature in line with the fluids.

Black and white film is typically developed in two chemically altering steps. First the film is developed so that the negative image is formed. Then the film is fixed to remove undeveloped silver. In between these steps, the film is washed in a stop bath to prevent contaminating the fixer. The developer is alkaline and most fixers are (and should stay) acidic. One liter of diluted fixer can be used for around 10 rolls of film. There is no need to use an acidic stop bath with film development. A water stop bath suffice, and is even recommended by many.

The film needs to be thoroughly washed after fixing or its archival properties suffer. The economical way to do this is with the "Ilford method". The film is put though several washing cycles of fresh water, diluting the remaining fixer until it's hopefully homeopathic. The first washing cycle consist of filling the tank, agitating for 5 cycles and dumping the water. Repeat with 10 cycles and 20 cycles of agitation for the second and third washing cycle respectively. Add an extra forth washing cycle for good measure.

Depending on local water quality it may be advisable to let the film soak in some deionized or distilled water with some wetting agent for around 10 to 15 minutes after washing. Hard water can leave stains on the dried film that is difficult to remove. The clean water slowly leech out deposits and the wetting agent breaks the water surface tension so the film dries evenly.

Finally hang the film to dry in a dust free area. It's difficult (impossible?) to find a dust free area in a common household. Running the shower hot for a couple of minutes is a trick to get rid of floating dust particles and then drying the film in the shower area. Shake the development reel to get rid of as much water as possible before hanging the film to dry. Try to resist any temptation to touch the film when wet. It's quite sensitive in this stage and is easily scratched.

I have alluded to film development taking place in the kitchen by giving the example of using the kitchen sink as the water bath. Many black and white photo chemicals are quite harmless and I don't believe this to be a reckless suggestion. Do what you feel comfortable with and research the toxicity of used chemicals beforehand.

Some film developers are non-toxic enough that they can be dumped into the sink (e.g. Kodak XTOL). Others need to be taken to an environmental recycling center.

Spent fixer should always be taken to an environmental recycling center. It contains dissolved silver which is toxic to organisms.